A (less than) Brief History of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush

The industrious logger by a fallen tree and gold panner hunched over a stream are the iconic images of British Columbia. While these may initially appear to be unrelated industries, their histories were inevitably intertwined with the creation and development of BC as a province and a part of Canada.

Let me set the stage, back before the West became so wild. Before any country had laid claim to the land that is now British Columbia, it was mostly under the control of fur trading companies in the area and the First Nations or native people that had originally lived there. One thing that surprised me in my research on this topic was the actual size of the native population at this time. The history books always made it seem as though the population of BC was mostly composed of Europeans. Many First Nations had a lot more control of the area than some might believe solely because their knowledge of the area provided the expertise needed to navigate the dangerous rivers and mountain passes. Fur traders at the time were very dependent on the native people to get around.

The biggest player in the fur trade at the time was the London-based Hudson Bay Company. The HBC was kind of the eyes and ears on the ground for the British Empire at the time; Canada was a little too far away and spread out for Britain to bother sending resources to claim and defend it. Most of the British investment at the time was put into hot countries, such as India, South Africa, and Australia, which were thought to be more valuable (spices versus fur hats). Therefore, the men involved with the Hudson Bay Company tended to be the same people the British put into positions of power once BC had become a colony.

The biggest threat to the stability of the HBC in New Caledonia (now BC’s mainland west of the Rockies) was from American “mountain men” coming in to trap beaver and other animals for their pelts as well. In an effort to deter Americans from moving further North, the HBC trapped all the beavers in the Snake River Valley so if they did move north, they would only find a wasteland devoid of the animals for which they were looking.

In 1849, the Hudson Bay Company moved its headquarters from Fort Vancouver to the more convenient location of Fort Victoria and Vancouver Island became a British colony with Victoria as its capital. As I mentioned before the leading members of the HBC were often put in positions of power by the British government and this case was no different. The senior HBC officer James Douglas was appointed governor of Vancouver Island and was put in charge of the British subjects in New Caledonia.

The joint roles he performed created a conflict of interest as he was affiliated with the largest company in the area and the government meant to control resources and manage the land. In fact, James Douglas and the HBC knew about gold in BC long before it was made known to the British government or the public. The First Nations had known about gold in their rivers and its value to the Europeans, but bands like the Haida in Haida Gwaii (then Queen Charlotte Islands) did their best to keep this fact hidden from the Europeans. The Haida people tried to prevent the HBC from exploring their islands, but they didn’t have any luck if they wanted to continue trade with the HBC. In 1857, the HBC slipped up. James Douglas sent a shipment of gold he collected from the First Nations down to San Francisco and the word spread that the HBC was trading gold with the First Nations in BC.